phatic communion is a cultural concept which differs across cultures. according to hofstede (2001), the u.s. tends to have individualistic culture; however, asian countries tend to have collectivistic cultures. these cultures view phatic communion differently. in individualistic cultures like u.s., phatic communion reflects speakers’ socio-cultural relationships in conversations. to see whether...

abstract foreign and iranian cultures are far distinct in the constraints imposed on writing and translating for children, since the iranian literary system is mainly concerned with cultural and religious instructions which lead to manipulation of translated texts. this study sought to identify the cultural and social constraints and norms which determined the strategies applied in the transl...

نمایشنامه به پیروی از ماهیت دوگانه اش، کارکردی دوگانه به خود می گیرد، بدین معنا که در هر دو نظام ادبی و تئاتری می تواند کارکردی مختص به خود یابد. هدف از انجام این پژوهش یافتن تفاوت ها میان ترجمه صفحه و ترجمه صحنه است.. پرسش مطرح شده عبارتست از: بر اساس مدل ارائه شده توسط لدوسر (1995)، تفاوت های ترجمه صفحه و ترجمه صحنه در چیست؟ یافته های این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که ترجمه صفحه به نمایشنامه ا...

the present paper deals with criminal issues. for example, legal injunction on the necessity of returning a deposit has a legal nature and legal injunction on the punishment of those who breach the trust has a criminal nature. existing social issues are the basis of classification of some instances into the issue, some of which are based on variation and others on quality. therefore, the motiva...

abstract هنجارهای بومی سازی در ترجمه متون چندوجهی فارسی:مورد دموهای بازیهای کامپیوتری چکیده اهداف عمده مطالعه حاضر به سه دسته تقسیم میشوند: 1) بررسی مشکلات احتمالی ترجمه دموهای (فیلمهای) بازیهای کامپیوتری،2) تعیین هنجارهای بومی سازی در ترجمه دموهای (فیلمهای) بازیهای کامپیوتری و 3) تعیین ایدئولوژیهایی که این هنجارها در جامعه نشان میدهند. به این منظور، ابتدا، مجموعه ای ازدموهای (فیلمهای) ب...

the main objective in sampling is to select a sample from a population in order to estimate some unknown population parameter, usually a total or a mean of some interesting variable. a simple way to take a sample of size n is to let all the possible samples have the same probability of being selected. this is called simple random sampling and then all units have the same probability of being ch...

within communicative, interactive, and learner-centered framework of language teaching and learning, students need to learn four skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing for their educational success. but of all the language skills, reading enjoys a paramount significance in so many second or foreign language academic contexts. in spite of its importance, language learners still have...

in this study, scour of mashkid bridge pier located in mashkid river of saravan county has been studied and to measure the scour rate, the numerical model hec-ras 4.0 has been used. upon selection of mashkid river as the case study and whereas the studied zone is important with respect to the climatic conditions and showery monsoon raining and flowing the great and destructive floodwaters, ther...