Plant immunity can be induced by two major classes of pathogen-associated molecules. Pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs) are conserved molecular components of microbes that serve as "non-self" features to induce PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Pathogen effector proteins used to promote virulence can also be recognized as "non-self" features or induce a "modified-s...

Plants, unlike animals, lack specialized mobile immune cells, so they do not have an adaptive system. Instead, plants can launch specific, self-tolerant responses and establish memory. Plants possess defense mechanisms that efficiently detect ward off potentially dangerous microorganisms. These start with multiple signalling processes responsible for sensation, recognition, signal collection co...

One of the most rapid defense reactions of plants to pathogen attack is the so-called oxidative burst, which constitutes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the site of an attempted invasion. In general, the oxidative burst is induced by the perception of typical microbial nonplant molecules, so-called microbeassociated molecular patterns (MAMPs; Bigeard et al., 2015). Well-known...

Microbial and plant cell walls have been selected by the immune system as a source of microbe- damage-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs/DAMPs) that are perceived extracellular ectodomains (ECDs) pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) triggering responses. From vast number ligands PRRs can bind, those composed carbohydrate moieties poorly studied, only handful PRR/glycan pairs determined. Here ...

Conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) act as danger signals to activate the plant immune response. These molecules are recognized by surface receptors that are referred to as pattern recognition receptors. Oligogalacturonides (OGs), DAMPs released from the plant cell wall homogalacturonan, have also been proposed to act as local...

The plant basal immune system can detect broadly present microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, also called PAMPs) and induce defenses, but adapted microbes express a suite of effector proteins that often act to suppress these defenses. Plants have evolved other receptors (R proteins) that detect these pathogen effectors and activate strong defenses. Pathogens can subsequently alter or d...

Pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) are recognized by host cell surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to activate plant immunity. PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) constitutes the first layer of plant immunity that restricts pathogen proliferation. PTI signaling components often are targeted by various Pseudomonas syringae virulence effector proteins, resul...

Branched β-1,3-glucans and the eicosapolyenoic acids (EP) are among the best characterized oomycete elicitors that trigger innate immune responses in plants. These elicitors were identified over three decades ago, and they were useful in the study of the sequence of physiological, biochemical and molecular events that induce resistance in plants. However, in spite of the cross-kingdom parallels...