This paper examines exchange rate pass-through in the automobile markets of twelve European Union countries. Using retail prices for individual car models for the 1993-96 period our estimates are based on a hedonic pricing framework which controls for model specific characteristics. Pass-through is found to be significantly below fifty percent in all countries. There is no evidence that either ...

The main aim of this paper is to investigate bending behavior in sandwich plates with functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) face sheets with considering the effects of carbon nanotube (CNT) aggregation. The sandwich plates are assumed resting on Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundation and a mesh-free method based on first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is devel...

Numerous policy tools could be employed in attempting to mitigate climate change through reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Direct cost imposition through the taxation of carbon content of fossil fuels has long enjoyed support from diverse policy analysts but has proven highly difficult to advance politically in the United States and many other nations. This article considers the evolving Ameri...

the purpose of this study was to determ the degree, level and capacity indices of agricultural mechanization in sarab region (n: 37º45', e: 47º30') in eastern azarbayjan province, comprising about 65,164 hectares of farming land. the number of tractors, types of machines, and degree, level, and capacity of mechanization were calculated as the method of study. data showed that the average level ...

In Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory, the degree of indirectness of an utterance is presumed to be commensurate with the sum of the variables of Distance, Power and Ranking of an imposition. This claim was tested with reference to a corpus of spontaneous requests from Cypriot Greek. It emerged that, rather than motivating the choice of a ‘generic’ politeness strategy corresponding to a cer...

the probability that the commutator of two group elements is equal to a given element has been introduced in literature few years ago. several authors have investigated this notion with methods of the representation theory and with combinatorial techniques. here we illustrate that a wider context may be considered and show some structural restrictions on the group.