The main objective of this study is to identify the inherent benefits associated with integrating a new petrochemical facility existing refinery. Petrochemical complexes heavily rely on feedstocks like naphtha and refinery gases, which are frequently produced in oil refineries, ensuring reliable supply essential raw materials. Integration between becomes necessary due their downstream position ...

Distillation separates compounds by the variation in how effortlessly they vaporize. The two main types of standard distillation comprise unremitting distillation and batch distillation. Unremitting distillation, as the name says, unremittingly takes a feed and separates it into two or more products. Batch distillation takes on lot (or batch) at a time of feed and splits it into products by sel...

Automation of non-destructive testing (NDT) of engineering components and structures represents one of the strategic objectives of many industries. It enables increases in accuracy, precision and speed of inspection while reducing production time and associated labour costs in contrast to manual inspection. The use of robots can provide additional flexibility and autonomy to automated NDT. Auto...

Hydrogen Sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It naturally occurs in the gases from volcanoes, sulfur springs, undersea vents, swamps, stagnant bodies of water, and in crude petroleum and natural gas. Additionally, bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes release hydrogen sulfide during the decomposition of sulfur-containing proteins and by the...

Petrochemical and Petroleum refining sector has become the backbone of the economical development. The costs of all the consumer goods are closely governed by cost of petroleum products. Diesel and petrol are two most widely used liquid fuels in the world. The cost of the fuel depends on the raw material. The optimization of the reaction carried out in these industries can save some cost and ad...

We examine how time-consuming resource accumulation influences the classic strategy trade-off between commitment and flexibility. In particular, using 1975–95 data from the worldwide petrochemical industry, we study the impact of new plants’ time-to-build on firms’ decisions to invest under uncertainty. Our results suggest a nontrivial positive effect of resource accumulation lags on investment...

Gas Chromatography (GC) is a mature analytical technology used predominately for separating and quantifying the components of complex organic chemical mixtures. A wide range of columns and sample introduction techniques allow GC to be applied to most analytical problems involving volatile and semi-volatile compounds. One such application is the analysis of permanent gases, which are compounds t...