the aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein and wogonin after oral administration of pure baicalin, radix scutellariae and scutellariae-paeoniae couple extracts were administered and the pharmacokinetics profiles were compared between normal and ulcerative colitis rats. the plasma concentrations of the four flavonoids were determined ...

Recently, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) has been shown to limit the oral absorption of its substrates in the intestine. The purpose of this study was to examine whether excipients can be used as inhibitors of BCRP, to improve the oral drug absorption of BCRP substrates. In wild-type mice, Pluronic P85 and Tween 20, given orally 15 min before topotecan administration, increased t...

BACKGROUND PKQuest, a new physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) program, is applied to human ethanol data. The classical definition of first pass metabolism (FPM) based on the differences in the area under the curve (AUC) for identical intravenous and oral doses is invalid if the metabolism is non-linear (e.g. ethanol). Uncertainties in the measurement of FPM have led to controversy abou...

The pharmacokinetics of the aminoglycoside tobramycin was evaluated after oral administration to fed or fasting (15 h) mice. As expected, under normal feeding conditions, oral absorption was negligible; however, fasting induced a dramatic increase in tobramycin bioavailability. The dual-sugar test with lactulose and l-rhamnose confirmed increased small bowel permeability via the paracellular ro...

The absorption, metabolism, and clearance of progesterone from the peripheral circulation were investigated in five postmenopausal women after oral administration of 100 mg daily for five consecutive days. Maximal plasma concentrations of progesterone were observed within four hours after ingestion of the last dose, when the range (22.11-34.18 nmol/l; 696-1077 ng/100 ml) was comparable with tha...

Serum vitamin E levels and red cell haemolysis were measured in 17 children with biliary obstruction after oral and intramuscular loading tests, and during long-term oral administration of differing doses of a fat-soluble and water-miscible preparation of alpha-tocopheryl acetate. The results suggested a severe defect in the intestinal absorption of both preparations. In three of the children w...

To understand the rate-limiting process of oral drug absorption, not only total bioavailability (F) but also intestinal (F(a) · F(g)) and hepatic (F(h)) availability after oral administration should be evaluated. Usually, F(a) · F(g) of drug is calculated from pharmacokinetic parameters after intravenous and oral administration. This approach is influenced markedly by the estimated value of F(h...

Foods and nutrients in them are one of the most important and variable factors affecting the bioavailability and function of oral drugs in the body. Foods affect the effectiveness of drugs in different ways. Just as medications often reduce the absorption of nutrients, foods often reduce the effectiveness of medications; food in the stomach delays the absorption of penicillin and amoxicillin an...

In man, following a single oral 40 mg dose, peak plasma concentrations of fluoxetine from 15 to 55 ng/mL are observed after 6 to 8 hours. Fluoxetine is 80 to 95% absorbed following oral administration. There is a linear dose proportionality for the absorption of fluoxetine over the therapeutic dose range. Food does not appear to affect the systemic bioavailability of fluoxetine, although it may...