Charge-exchange reactions at high energies provide new channels for the remote sensing of solar high-energy particles, as demonstrated by the recent detection of 1.8-5 MeV hydrogen atoms from a solar flare [1]. Orrall and Zirker [2] had earlier proposed the detection of low-energy protons via charge-exchange atomic reactions in the solar atmosphere, leading in the simplest case to extended red-...

Many American kestrel (Falco sparverius) populations are declining across North America. Potential causes include mortality from West Nile Virus, anticoagulant rodenticide exposure, climate change, an increase in avian predators, habitat degradation, and reduction in food availability. We analyzed American kestrel count and banding data from seven raptor migration sites throughout North America...

Crop rows oriented at a right angle to sunlight direction (i.e., east–west within the winter cropping system in Western Australia) may suppress weed growth through greater shading of weeds in the interrow spaces. This was investigated in the districts of Merredin and Beverley, Western Australian (latitudes of 31u and 32uS) from 2002 to 2005 (four trials). Winter grain crops (wheat, barley, cano...

In this article, a multilayered and distributed architecture for mission-oriented miniature fixed-wing UAV swarms is presented. Based on the concept of modularity, proposed divides overall system into five layers: 1) low-level control layer; 2) high-level 3) coordination 4) communication 5) human interaction layer, many modules that can be viewed as black boxes with interfaces inputs outputs. w...

Using a State-space model, this paper investigates the contribution of both observed and unobserved fundamentals to nominal exchange rate movement in Iran for the period 1991:2-2011:4. To this end, we follow Engel and West (2005) and Balke et al. (2013) and use an asset-pricing approach to develop a rational expectations present value exchange rate model. In order to examine the role of fun...

In this work, the mechanism for fracture of brittle substances such as rocks under a uniform normal tension is considered. The oriented straight micro-cracks are mostly created in all the polycrystalline materials resulting from the stress concentrations. The present work focuses on the interactions of the pre-existing micro-cracks, which can grow and propagate within a rock-like specimen. The ...