the aim of this paper is to minimize output phase noise for the pure signal synthesis in the frequency synthesizers. for this purpose, first, an exact mathematical model of phase locked loop (pll) based frequency synthesizer is described and analyzed. then, an exact closed-form formula in terms of synthesizer bandwidth and total output phase noise is extracted. based on this formula, the phase ...

the principle of equality of arms means that each party in an action shall present her claim in an environment so that this does not put him in a worse condition compared to the other party of the trial. this principle has been internationally and locally embraced by authorities. from the perspective of international documents, the acceptance of this principle is partly influenced by the accept...

in this work, benzyl alcohol was obtained in 96% excellent yield by hydrolysis of benzyl chloride catalyzedby the recyclable temperature-dependant phase-separation system that comprised the ionic liquid peg1000-dail[bf4], toluene and ferric sulfate under homogeneous catalysis in aqueous media. this novel methodnot only enhanced the yield, but also made the operating units easy workup. the catal...

in this paper, we propose an optical millimetre wave radio-over-fibre (mm-wave rof) system that uses a dual drive mach zehnder modulator (dd-mzm), which is biased at the maximum transmission biasing point, to generate an optical double sideband-suppressed carrier. the input to the dd-mzm are binary phase shift keying (bpsk), quadrature phase shift keying (qpsk), 8-phase shift keying (8-psk) and...

Background The aim of this study was to establish a cell-free sequential culture system that can support high levels of in vitro embryo development and blastocyst formation from bovine zygotes. To this end, this investigation was carried out to evaluate the effects of glucose, serum and EDTA on bovine zygote in vitro development. MaterialsAndMethods Bovine presumptive zygotes were derived from ...

batch culture of ralstonia eutropha using the recycled gas closed circuit culture system was conducted in order to develop a practical fermentation system for industrial autotrophic culture for poly (hydroxybutrate) production. the gas phase of the culture system consisted of substrate gas so that gases in this culture could be recycled as long as the amount of the gas consumed would be repleni...

The purpose of this paper is using the concepts of value engineering (VE) in evaluating the improvement caused by preventive maintenance (PM) systems in construction project. A real case is used to show how we can implement the proposed method. VE is the systematic application of recognized techniques by multi-disciplined teams that identifies the function of a product or service, establishes a...

this paper considers the spatial planning system in russian federation. study of spatial planning system of russia specifies three different stages from each other. the first phase consists of the sixteenth century until the early twentieth century. in this period, base of the spatial planning was formed and gradually developed during approximately 400 years. the next phase is devoted to soviet...