OBJECTIVE White matter hyperintensities (WMH), visualized on T2-weighted MRI, are thought to reflect small-vessel vascular disease. Much like other markers of brain disease, the association between WMH and cognition is imperfect. The concept of reserve may account for this imperfect relationship. The purpose of this study was to test the reserve hypothesis in the association between WMH severit...

Nicholas Humphrey's social intelligence hypothesis proposed that the major engine of primate cognitive evolution was social competition. Lev Vygotsky also emphasized the social dimension of intelligence, but he focused on human primates and cultural things such as collaboration, communication and teaching. A reasonable proposal is that primate cognition in general was driven mainly by social co...

The position that the structure of a language has an impact on the cognition of its speakers is a venerable, if controversial, one in both linguistics and anthropology (see Gumperz and Levinson 1996 and Lucy 1992 for recent overviews). Over the last 60 years, a wide range of theories about the relationship between language and thought have been developed and disputed. The theories that posit so...

This paper explores the relationship between several ideas about the mind and cognition. The hypothesis of extended cognition claims that cognitive processes can and do extend outside the head, that elements of the world around us can actually become parts of our cognitive systems. It has recently been suggested that the hypothesis of extended cognition is entailed by one of the foremost philos...

Replies to comments by A. M. Glenberg (see record 2015-22897-006) on the author's original article (see record 2015-22897-004) on the embodied cognition debate. The core issue at stake in the debate is whether the format of thought is amodal or modality-specific. In his paper, Glenberg argues that "embodied systems do just fine accounting for perception, action, concrete cognition, and abstract...

Objectives: The theory of mind hypothesis states that children with autism are impaired in the development of the ability to appreciate their own and other people's mental states. The people with Autism Spectrum Disorder needs treatment approach which to strengthen their movement, focus of attention, eye contact and relaxation. "Dohsa-hou" is a Japanese psycho-rehabilitation method by...

studies in cognitive linguistics have highlighted the importance of metaphors for language teaching. metaphoric competence, as an important aspect of intelligence, can contribute to the learning of languages. most textbooks in esl/efl avoid the issue of figurative language and concentrate only on the denotative aspects of language. this article reports a study conducted at the islamic azad univ...