Background In the context of serious concerns over the affordability of healthcare, various authors and international policy bodies advise that strategic purchasing is a key means of improving health system performance. Such advice is typically informed by theories from the economics of organization (EOO). This paper proposes that these theories are insufficient for a full understanding o...

like other economic markets, housing market is comprised of supply and demand dimensions and equality of supply and demand makes the housing market balanced. the aim of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of housing market of tehran city and some deficiencies of this market with fundamental – applied methodology. the variable studied here is the saleable residential unit with minim...

We present theory and evidence to suggest that, in the context of analysing global poverty, the EKS approach to estimating purchasing power parities yields more appropriate international comparison of real incomes than the Geary-Khamis approach. Our analysis of the 1996 International Comparison Project data confirms that the Geary-Khamis approach leads to substantial overstatement of the relati...

at many circumstances, in heat exchange processes several exchangers were used with different cost laws due to their pressure ratings, materials of construction and exchange3r types. in such circumstances traditional methods of pinch technology can not be led to minimum total annual cost may cause some other disadvantages like more complexity or higher maintenance. in this research work a new a...