Language transfer helps in the acquisition of a second language (L2) when target L2 shares similarities with first (L1). We ask: Does proficiency an facilitate structurally similar L3? Or, does training any help L3 acquisition? investigated learners’ ability to reproduce rhythm novel L3, Indonesian, as function their exposure rhythm-similar (French) or rhythm-divergent (German). Twelve English-...

arabic grammar aimed to protect arabic language from any erroneous pronunciations and writings. but grammar itself came to be complicated and came to be a goal rather than a means of reaching to exact learning of arabic language. some of contemporary arabic linguists strived to simplify the arabic grammar and rid it from any complexities. experts like ibrahim mostafa, makhzumi, showqii dhaif an...

in primeval societies, language like all other aspects of life, was dependant on customs and traditions considered holy by people. when the societies changed and lost their natural status, a special type of language was started to develop commensurate with social changes. from the 3rd century, islamic society has witnessed important changes such as increase of wealth, power transfer, emergence ...

This study investigates English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ needs and desires with regard to the in-service training courses (ITCs) programs in Marand, East Azerbaijan province, Iran. 21 EFL teachers at both junior (N=10) and senior high schools (N=11) participated in this study. The data concerning the participants’ mentioned needs and desires were gathered by means of a structured i...

the main purpose of this article is to study common-third triad pairs in the chamber music of alfred schnittke. this harmonic device consists of major and minor triads which are a semitone apart and have the same chordal third; c major and c# minor, which will be labeled c.t. e (common-third e), d major and eb minor labeled as c.t. f#, etc. after a short introduction on the history of shared el...