The 1870-1913 period marked the birth of the first era of trade globalization. How did this tremendous increase in trade affect economic development? This work isolates a causality channel by exploiting the fact that the steamship produced an asymmetric change in trade distances among countries. Before the invention of the steamship, trade routes depended on wind patterns. The introduction of t...

introduction: there are many factors affecting crime rates. economic factors are one of them. also, nature of crimes and the effects of economic factors on them are different. economic crimes have a specific importance in economics of crime. researchers in iran don’t investigate the determinants of crime, especially economic crimes. thus, in this paper we investigate the short- and long run eff...

land is one of the most important effective factors in production in agricultural sector. existence of small owners units due to the lack of effective use of technology, machinery and agricultural production tools are restricting factors for profiting and yielding in agricultural sector. the purpose of this study was prioritizing the preventive factors of extension of land consolidation plan in...

This paper assesses the impact of 30 years of globalization on gender equity in well-being in Latin America and the Caribbean. Data indicate that while some gaps in well-being have narrowed, progress is uneven across a set of nine indicators, and in some cases, conditions have worsened. Despite the optimism of market proponents, growth is not found to be an equalizer for gender anymore than it ...

The paper examines the effects on growth of both private and public investment in health, schooling and culture: in short, education. These expenditures exert two effects on the growth rate: (i)they increase labour and capital stock productivity through a positive externality, and (ii) they modify saving and investment decisions through the substitutability between education and private consump...

background: the key challenge is how to encourage and retain health professionals in their work location. there is a list of policy options for the purpose but applying an appropriate and effective set of strategies requires a country level research. our study aimed to identify retention strategies for neurosurgeons and examine both the importance and feasibility of the identified strategies us...

background: the aim of this study was to evaluate the relation of intensity of low back discomfort with two factors that contribute to low back pain -ergonomics risk factors and psychosocial factors- most seen in emergency unit nurses. methods: this cross-sectional survey was conducted on 120 emergency unit nurses in isfehan. for daily assessment of psychosocial and ergonomics factors and inten...

In this paper we present an economic model of optimal consumption and labour supply where we assume that working may generate stress which affects the wellbeing of the representative individual. As to stress we posit that it is influenced by cumulated past labour and capital. The latter reflects the fact that work-related stress evolves gradually over time and that it is more likely to occur in...

We present a growth model in which the work morale of R&D workers is endogenously determined by fair wage considerations and show that increases in endowments of researchers do not necessarily have positive growth effects. The results is in line with the empirical observations that the very large increases in the number of R&D workers during the last 30 years have not generated the growth rates...