Introduction: Spreading depression (SD) is a propagating wave of depolarization followed by depression of the neuroglial activities and can modulate extracellular dopamine concentrations in the neocortex. It has been shown that the dopaminergic system plays a role in migraine. SD has been suggested as a critical phenomenon in the pathophysiology of migraine. The aim of this study was to investi...

introduction: spreading depression (sd) is a propagating wave of depolarization followed by depression of the neuroglial activities and can modulate extracellular dopamine concentrations in the neocortex. it has been shown that the dopaminergic system plays a role in migraine. sd has been suggested as a critical phenomenon in the pathophysiology of migraine. the aim of this study was to investi...

In the present study, the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of histamine, chlorpheniramine (H1-receptor antagonist) and ranitidine (H2-receptor antagonist) were investigated on visceral nociception induced by an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of acetic acid in rats. The latency time to the beginning of the first abdominal wall contraction (the first writhe) was recorded and th...

Diabetic neuropathic pain, an important micro vascular complication in diabetes mellitus, has been recognized as one of the most difficult types of pain to treat. Lack of understanding of etiology involved, inadequate relief, development of tolerance and potential toxicity of classical anti-nociceptive agents warrants the investigation of newer agents to relieve this pain. The aim of the presen...

Aggregates of the hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) are an invariant neuropathological feature of tauopathies. Here, we show that microglial neuroinflammation promotes MAPT phosphorylation and aggregation. First, lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation promotes hyperphosphorylation of endogenous mouse MAPT in nontransgenic mice that is further enhanced in mi...

The parafascicular nucleus (PFN) of thalamus, as a supraspinal structure, has an important role in processing of nociceptive information. In addition, μ-opioid receptor contributes to supraspinal modulation of nociception. In the present study, the effects of microinjection of naloxone (a non-specific opioid-receptor antagonist) and naloxonazine (a specific μ-opioid receptor antagonist) were in...

Background and Objective: Methylphenidate (MPH), as a central nervous system stimulant, is often used to manage hyperactive disorders. The literature is scarce regarding the behavioral consequences of chronic MPH treatment and the role of involved receptors. Thus, in the current study involved receptors in MPH induced-anxiety, depression and motor activity disorders were evaluated. Materials a...