This paper investigates how financial, trade, institutional and political liberalization policies have affected financial efficiency in Africa. It uses updated data to appraise second generation reforms in order to gather fresh evidence and derive more updated policy implications. The ‘freedom to trade’ and ‘economic freedom’ indices are also employed. The following findings are established. (1...

the relationship between financial development and economic growth in order to give priority to policies that will lead to financial development or addressing other economic priorities to achieve economic growth has attracted the attention of many economics. nonlinear models of causality and causal relationships between variables in the modification of variables in different regimes exist, why ...

The Disaster Deficit Index (DDI) measures macroeconomic and financial risk in a country according to possible catastrophic scenario events. Extreme disasters can generate financial deficit due to sudden and elevated need of resources to restore affected inventories. The DDI captures the relationship between the economic loss that a country could experience when a catastrophic event occurs and t...

This entry provides a brief overview of research about associations between women’s economic resources and their long-term partner preferences. These associations are of special interest in light of women’s tendency to attribute more importance to financial resources in a partner than men do (Buss 2011). Whether this pattern is a result of evolved adaptations, sociocultural factors, or some com...

Bernanke (2005) hypothesized that a "global savings glut" was causing large trade imbalances. However, we show that the global savings rates did not show a robust upward trend during the relevant period. Moreover, if there had been a global savings glut there should have been a large investment boom in the countries that imported capital. Instead, those countries experienced consumption booms. ...

tthe study area included parts of the villages in behabad, of bafq county, yazd province, and pool research was conducted in 2008 and 2009. research findings show that rural workers and islamic councils have relatively been successful in development of rural entrepreneurship, and local people believe that entrepreneurs, officials, experts and local commentators, islamic council and rural worker...