the goal of this study was to estimate the sensitivity of reference evapotranspiration (et0) to changes in meteorological parameters in the caspian region. long-term meteorological data (1961-2008) were obtained from three synoptic meteorological stations. the region was primarily classified into three climatic zones, based on de martonne climate classification. the penman–monteith equation was...

introduction coastal sand dunes are  important morphological forms in caspian coastal regions. these dunes are formed and developed under the influence of sediment influx, climate, impact of wind, waves, currents. these are parallel to the coastal characterisitics with enough space for expansion. the whole collection of these parameters are available in many coastal areas of the caspian sea , b...

We study the statistics of the horizontal component of atmospheric boundary layer wind speed. Motivated by its non-stationarity, we investigate which parameters remain constant or can be regarded as being piece-wise constant and explain how to estimate them. We will verify the picture of natural atmospheric boundary layer turbulence to be composed of successively occurring close to ideal turbul...

Weather condition is one of the much effective factors in the principle of architecture and urbanization. So in this research long-term trend of effective climate elements in architecture of Darab city including mean of minimum temperature, temperature mean, mean of maximum temperature, minimum relative humidity, maximum relative humidity, relative humidity mean, wind speed and sun hours in mon...

Doppler lidars are frequently operated in a mode referred to as arc scans, wherein the lidar beam scans across a sector with a fixed elevation angle and the resulting measurements are used to derive an estimate of the nminute horizontal mean wind velocity (speed and direction). Previous studies have shown that the uncertainty in the measured wind speed originates from turbulent wind fluctuation...

A first geophysical validation of the ASAR Wave Mode Level 2 product is performed using ASAR Wave Mode data acquired during May 2002, which have been co-located with ECMWF WAM spectra and wind speed data. First calibration results and a comparison of wind speed and wave spectral parameters are presented and discussed. The performance of the product is as expected, with very good agreement in te...