Therapeutic effect of Portulaca oleraceae on respiratory diseases is indicated in Iranian ancient medical books. The relaxant effect of this plant also observed on smooth muscles in previous studies. Therefore, in the present study, the possible mechanism (s) for the relaxant effects of boiled and aqueous extracts of Portulaca oleraceae on tracheal chains of guinea pigs were examined. The relax...

Therapeutic effect of Portulaca oleraceae on respiratory diseases is indicated in Iranian ancient medical books. The relaxant effect of this plant also observed on smooth muscles in previous studies. Therefore, in the present study, the possible mechanism (s) for the relaxant effects of boiled and aqueous extracts of Portulaca oleraceae on tracheal chains of guinea pigs were examined. The relax...

supply chain management is one of the main factors of successful organization. one of the important causes of its’ ineffectiveness is “bullwhip effect”. most of previous studies were about its’ effect on one-product and two-echelon chains. in this paper, the authors try to study bullwhip effect on two and three-echelon chains which includes more than one product according to some assumptions. t...

We study the entropy rate of a hidden Markov process, defined by observing the output of a symmetric channel whose input is a first order Markov process. Although this definition is very simple, obtaining the exact amount of entropy rate in calculation is an open problem. We introduce some probability matrices based on Markov chain's and channel's parameters. Then, we try to obtain an estimate ...

carum copticum is a grassy and annual plant which is believed to have several therapeutic effects, including anti-asthmatic properties. we have therefore studied the bronchodilatory and anticholinergic effects of 4 rnl aqueous extract (ae), 0.0 5 ml ethanol extract (ee), and 0.0 0 5 ml essential oil (eo) of carum copticum and 1 rnl of a 5 mm solution of its main ingredient, thymol (t), in compa...

With progressing technologies and new features of production, new products compete with older ones in markets. Indeed, new products initiate contest with olden ones and this process repeats in different productions lifetime several times. In this situation recycling the olden products seems to be significant for supply chains. Governments often levy special tariffs for these products as a contr...

In this paper, we obtain the Rényi entropy rate for irreducible-aperiodic Markov chains with countable state space, using the theory of countable nonnegative matrices. We also obtain the bound for the rate of Rényi entropy of an irreducible Markov chain. Finally, we show that the bound for the Rényi entropy rate is the Shannon entropy rate.

In a previous study, the relaxant and anticholinergic (functional antagonism) effects of Bunium persicum (B. persicum ) have been demonstrated on guinea pig tracheal chains. To elucidate the other mechanisms responsible for this relaxant effect, the inhibitory effect of this plant on histamine H1 receptors was examined in this study. The antihistaminic effects of aqueous and macerated extracts,...