Many people, covering many academic disciplines, have an interest in what they would refer to as development, and approach it from the direction of what they conceive to be underdevelopment. This type of labelling customarily follows on from some narrower interest; either in a particular region (for example Africa, Asia, Latin America); or in a particular place (e.g. Nigeria, Brazil, China); or...

Africa poses the development challenge of our time. Once devastated by famine and mired in poverty, India and much of Asia are now growing economically. While Africa’s economies too are now growing, in many African countries, people are just now returning to the levels of per capita income they enjoyed more than a half century ago. 1 Th e current poverty and the widespread economic decline foll...

A purpose of Zagros forests preservation plan is to reduce degradation factors through empowering woodman beneficiaries and underdevelopment of rural forested areas which appear as scattered agronomies inside and in forest margins, trees cutting for power supply, trees cutting for hay supply or making coal in forested regions. Therefore, natural resources experts believe that, by creation or im...

A purpose of Zagros forests preservation plan is to reduce degradation factors through empowering woodman beneficiaries and underdevelopment of rural forested areas which appear as scattered agronomies inside and in forest margins, trees cutting for power supply, trees cutting for hay supply or making coal in forested regions. Therefore, natural resources experts believe that, by creation or im...

The current economic crisis has long-term causes that are rooted in the economic dynamics of globalization. I construct a Solow-style endogenous model of capital accumulation, technological change, trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), based on myopic agents. Combining advanced technologies with low labor costs, FDI yields extraordinary profits that generate asymmetric innovation incentive...

In recent years African countries have faced a barrage of policy advice backed with financial support from development partners urging them to implement ‘good governance’ reforms. Good governance has come to mean support for improving the enforcement of property rights, the rule of law, fighting corruption and improving accountability. These reforms have enjoyed broad support because many of th...

By analyzing and gathering quantitative data, this paper presents the first formal economic analysis of the impacts of the drug trafficking industry in Mexico until 2006. The analysis measures the number of drug-traffic employees, the amount of cash and investments generated by the drug-trafficking industry, the monetary costs of violence and corruption, the estimated losses in foreign investme...

Long predicted from studies of model vertebrates, the first human example of abnormal patterning of the early neural tube leading to underdevelopment of the cerebellum has been demonstrated.