abstract the problems caused by the traditional system of criminal justice (which are based on remuneration and rehabilitation) such as, lack of attention to victim’s rights and position and society, underlie the emergence of restorative justice which had the victim-centered perspective, with respect to the role of the offender and participation of civil society. meanwhile, criminal mediation ...

abstract the present study was conducted to examine the effect of proficiency on students interaction while carrying out the grammar-based task(s) in collaboration. in particular, the study examines whether the level of proficiency affects the learners’ focus of attention to grammatical and lexical features. the study takes a further step and examines whether there is any difference in the use...

Introduction: Sex hormones’ fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, influence asthma and lung function. Information on the changes in exercise-induced sex hormones in mid luteal phase associated with lung function changes is not available. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the regular aerobic exercise on the lung function indices and serum levels of sex hormones in t...

Introduction & Objective: Women during their lifetime experience a variety of physiological changes that can affect their physiological capacity to perform exercise and induce reduction in achieving the benefits of training. So, finding the best time to perform maximum physical performance is essential. Sports drink consumption can also help to enhance athletic performance. The purpose of thi...

according to cheng (1999), in recent esl/efl literature, asian (especially east asian) learners of english as a foreign/second language have been arguably reported as reticent and passive learners. the most common allegations are that these students are reluctant to participate in classroom discourse; they are unwilling to give responses; they do not ask questions; and they are passive and over...

Background and Aim: Some activities, such as exhaustive exercises, can lead to increased inflammatory indices, muscle injury, and enzymes in the blood. Caffeine supplementation diminishes inflammation and pain. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of caffeine supplementation on serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-crp) and creatine kinase (CK) after exhaustive aerobic exerc...