The International Tobacco Growers’ Association is a non-profit and non-governmental organisation founded in 1984 by tobacco growers’ organisations from Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Malawi, the U.S.A. and Zimbabwe. The ITGA was created with the objective of providing a collective voice for growers from all over the world. In 1999 the ITGA’s head-office moved to Castelo Branco, Portugal, where the ...

The incident in May-June 2007 involving a U.S. citizen traveling internationally while infected with drug-resistant tuberculosis involved the U.S. federal government's application of its quarantine and isolation powers. The incident and the isolation order raised numerous important issues for public health governance, law, and ethics. This article explores many of these issues by examining how ...

In 2003, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), in cooperation with the T.M.C. Asser Institute, launched a major research effort to explore the concept of “direct participation by civilians in hostilities” (DPH Project).1 The goal was to provide greater clarity regarding the international humanitarian law (IHL) governing the loss of protection from attack when civilians involve th...

The growth in the IT field has redefined the role of the IT manager. The furious pace of growth in global commerce facilitated by the Internet has led to greater governmental role in controlling and regulating E-commerce. Developments in technology have also led to a trend towards digitization of personal, commercial and governmental data. All of this has led to a plethora of laws, both domesti...

Article: The Historical and Present-Day Role of Non-Governmental Organisations before the Inter-American Human Rights System in Documenting Serious Violations Protecting Rule Law Through Ensuring Accountability

Impressive numbers of global and regional governmental and non-governmental organizations are working in the field of the marine environment and its resources. Many of these organizations operate within international legal frameworks ranging from comprehensive global conventions, such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to regional agreements aiming at protection and developm...

t Associate Professor, Notre Dame Law School; LL.M., Yale Law School; Dipl. in Law, University of Oxford; J.D., New York University School of Law; B.A., University of Virginia. As this project has been in the works for quite some time, I can only mention some of those who generously contributed their time and wisdom. Earlier drafts were reviewed by Guido Calabresi, Stephen Carter, Donald Elliot...

the shortage of fresh water and growing competition for clear water makes less water available for agriculture production. the great chalange for the coming decades will be the task of increasing food  production with less water, particularly in countries  with limited water and land resources. therefore, increasing of irrigation efficienciy and decreasing of water losses are important factores...