Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells with unique capability to take up and process antigens in the peripheral blood and tissues. They subsequently migrate to draining lymph nodes where they present these antigens and stimulate naive T lympho-cytes. During their life cycle, DCs go through two maturation stages and are referred to as immature and mature cells, respectively. While im...

obesity is characterized as a state of systemic low-grade inflammation suggesting a link between metabolism and immune function. obesity has been shown to predispose individuals to an increased risk of many diseases.since 1980s, a threefold increase in obesity has been reported in much of the world.obesity is a result of energy imbalance. one of the components that control energy balance is adi...

Evidence showed that chemokines serve as pro-migratory factors for immune cells. CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5, as the main CC  chemokines subfamily members, activate immune cells through binding to CC chemokine receptor 5 or CCR5. Macrophages, NK cells and T lymphocytes express CCR5 and thus, affected CCR5 expression or functions could be associated with altered immune responses. Deletion of 32 base pai...

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of young adults with an unknown etiology, but cellular immune responses and inflammation has a pivotal role in this regard. The higher incidence of MS among women indicates the possible involvement of female sex hormones on the disease course. Progesterone and estrogen are the most important sexual hormones in women. They exert different i...

Since human beings could travel beyond the earth atmosphere, scientists started to investigate the effect of microgravity on human cells. Microgravity has different effects on normal and cancer cells, but the related mechanisms are not well-known till now. The aim of the present review is to focus on the consequences of exposing the cancer cells to reduced gravity. Some cancer cells organize th...

Introduction: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive case of primary brain cancer which remains among the most fatal tumors worldwide. Although, some in vitro and in vivo models have been developed for a better understanding of GBM behavior; a natural model of GBM would improve the efficiency of experimental models to human GBM tumors. We aimed at the present study to examine the surviv...

lactic acid bacteria which are  used  as  probiotics  have  ability to  modulate  immune responses and modify immune mechanisms. it has also been indicated that some strains of this family can affect the immune responses against solid tumors. in the present work, we proposed to study the effects of oral administration of l.cacesi ssp casei on the nk cells cytotoxicity and also production of cyt...

Background: Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disorder with chronic inflammatory conditions in which immune cells play a significant role in its pathogenic process. Regulatory T cells (Treg), as a part of immune system, are involved in controlling autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Quantitative and/or functional alteration of Tregs has been shown to play an atheroprotective role and may al...