OBJECTIVE To elucidate possible treatment-related etiological factors--such as, duration of treatment and apical displacement--for external root resorption. DESIGN Meta-analysis of the available English-language literature. INCLUSION & EXCLUSION CRITERIA Papers with a sample size > 10, fixed appliances, pre- and post-operative radiographs, and apical displacement recorded were included. His...

In this paper, we present some techniques to solve the problems of Turkish Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition (LVCSR). Its agglutinative nature makes Turkish a challenging language in terms of speech recognition since it is impossible to include all possible words in the recognition lexicon. Therefore, data-driven sub-word recognition units, in addition to words, are used in a newsp...

Stemming is an operation that relates morphological variants of a word. The purpose of stemming is to obtain the stem or radix of those words which are not found in dictionary. If stemmed word is present in dictionary, then that is a genuine word, otherwise it may be proper name or some invalid word. Stemming is the process for reducing inflected or sometimes derived words to their stem, base o...

Constraints in natural language processing play an important role. In this paper we show which impact (word-order) constraints have on the translation results, when they are applied in the recombination step of a linear EBMT system. Both the baseline EBMT system and the constrained one are implemented during this research. In the experiments we use two language-pairs (RomanianEnglish and Romani...

Reflection has proven to be a valuable asset for programming languages, especially object-oriented ones, by promoting adaptability and extensibility of programs. With more and more applications exceeding the boundary of a single address space, reflection comes in very handy for instance for performing conformance tests dynamically. The precise incentives and thus mechanisms for reflection vary ...

In general, word stemming is one of the most important factors that affect the performance of information retrieval systems. The optimization issues of Arabic light stemming algorithm as a main component in natural language processing and information retrieval for Arabic language are based on root-pattern schemes. Since Arabic language is a highly inflected language and has a complex morphologi...

Morphological analysis is an important part of Natural Language Processing. With this, the task of Machine translation becomes very easy. Morphological analyzer can be implemented effectively for the language which is rich in morphemes. Hindi is morphologically rich language. In this paper we focus on the design of a morphological analyzer for Hindi language. The analyzer takes a Hindi sentence...

At the root of the dilemmas of national integration in Nigeria is the country’s search for a lingua franca. No doubt, in a plural and deeply divided society like Nigeria, a national language is seen as unifying symbol. The thrust of this paper therefore is an in-depth analysis of the politics of using language as mechanism for national integration cum the accompanying problems. The paper also c...