Protonation of gossypol Schiff bases (S1 and S2), possessing different numbers of basic N-atoms, was studied using potentiometric, spectroscopic, ESI MS and PM5 methods. Titration of S1 and S2 with HClO(4), monitored by the FT-IR and (1)H NMR, indicated that the change from the enamine-enamine into the protonated imine-imine tautomeric form occurs at different Schiff base-H(+) ratio. The FT-IR ...

population growth and unemployment issues caused to care about entrepreneurship in third and fourth economic development programs. now, after execution of these programs, it is essential to assess entrepreneurship development progress. this article designed to formulate a model of entrepreneurship policies in order to assess these policies. so, a conceptual model formulated with 12 dimensions b...

We develop a framework to estimate the aggregate capital?labor elasticity of substitution by aggregating actions individual plants. The reflects within plants and reallocation across plants; extent heterogeneity in capital intensities determines their relative importance. use micro data on cross?section build up at point time. Interpreting our econometric estimates through lens several differen...

We use agent-based modeling to investigate the effect of conservatism and partisanship on the efficiency with which large populations solve the density classification task - a paradigmatic problem for information aggregation and consensus building. We find that conservative agents enhance the populations' ability to efficiently solve the density classification task despite large levels of noise...

We study the implications of microeconomic heterogeneity for aggregate technology, showing that the aggregate elasticity of substitution between capital and labor can be expressed as a simple function of plant level structural parameters and sufficient statistics for plant heterogeneity. This allows for a new approach to estimating the aggregate elasticity using microeconomic data and allows us...

Business Cycle Accounting (BCA) is a helpful litmus test for quantitive macroeconomic models. Indeed, deviations from the data and a neo-classical growth model can be summarized as distortion of the efficiency of production or to optimality conditions such as leisure-consumption choices and investment Euler equations. These empirical ”wedges” are then a simple diagnostic test for the empirical ...

Surfactant molecules are used as interesting tools to study the structure, function and stability of proteins. Protonation states of amino acids may be changed in the presence of surfactants. In this work, using experimental observations and molecular dynamic simulation, the effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the acid dissociation constants of tryptophan was examined. The acid–base equilibriu...

where the values of the forward (kd) and reverse (kp) rate constants may be different from those in the ground state because of differences in the properties of the 2-naphthol in these two states (for example, Ka 6= K ∗ a in part I). The objective of this experiment is to determine the deprotonation/protonation rate constants of 2-naphthol in its lowest excited singlet state in aqueous solution...