Abstract Chemical enhanced oil recovery applications continue to face a variety of obstacles, particularly in high saline and high-temperature reservoirs, addition chemical prices. This issue creates difficulty developing optimal recipes that can withstand these extreme circumstances so achieve maximal hydrocarbon at the lowest feasible cost. The usefulness surfactant polymer (SP) mobilizing in...

The process of flooding has been examined with a single-channel fuel cell that permits direct observation of liquid water motion and local current density. As product water flows through the largest pores in the hydrophobic GDL, drops detach from the surface, aggregate, and form slugs. Flooding in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells occurs when liquid water slugs accumulate in the gas...

The recent wave of interest in sustainability has brought the benefits of fuel cells into the public sphere. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells provide clean and renewable energy, but are subject to degradation. Given the possibilities for use in remote applications, it is necessary to understand and minimize degradation of fuel cell components. Here we analyze common types of degradation ...