purpose:  the paper aims to focus on south africa’s poor economic performance and the regular downgrades of the country’s economic and financial rating by international rating agencies. it attempts to show that these continuous downgrades are a recipe for economic and financial disaster in the long – run; that the continuance of this phenomenon will stymie the implementation of the national dev...

in this paper, the formation of club convergence among real per capita gdp of iran’s provinces is tests through use of non-parametric quantile regression and distribution dynamics approach. the results show two convergence clubs are forming among provinces and most of them are converging toward poor club. also, calculation of convergence speed shows that there is a vast difference among economi...

considering the expansion of global poverty and its resulting concerns, the objectives of the millennium development goals (mdgs) may not be achieved unless a solution is found for this widespread phenomenon. therefore finding a solution for poverty reduction and improving the welfare of the vulnerable group has become a universal objective. this paper discusses the poor performance of formal f...

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