Internal supply chain refers to the chain of activities within a company that concludes with providing a product to the customer. This process involves multiple functions within companies – sales, production, and distribution. It is obvious that these functions need to be integrated in order to provide good customer service. However, there is no consensus yet on how integration is to be defined...

In this paper, we consider multiproduct supply chains of distinct firms and their horizontal integration. In particular, we develop multiproduct supply chain network models prior to and post their horizontal integration with explicit capacities associated with the economic activities of production, storage, and distribution. In addition, we propose a measure, which allows one to quantify and as...

The critical importance of integrating production, distribution, and inventory (POI) operations has long been recognized by top management of many companies. Now. using the latest advances in Management Science modeling and solution technology, an integrated computer-based POI system has saved approximately $18 million dollars during its first three years of implementation for a major national ...

In recent years convergence in information industries has often taken the form of vertical agreement between different stage of the value chain and with content owners and distribution channels in a prominent position, suggesting an increasing degree of vertical integration. But when considering indicators at firm level, as the value added to revenues ratio, emerges often a reduction in vertica...

Background: DNA immunization with plasmid DNA encoding bacterial, viral, parasitic, and tumor antigens has been reported to trigger protective immunity. The use of plasmid DNA vaccinations against many diseases has produced promising results in animal and human clinical trials; however, safety concerns about the use of DNA vaccines exist, such as the possibility of integration into the host gen...

this paper aims to investigate the integrated production/distribution and inventory planning for perishable products with fixed life time in the constant condition of storage throughout a two-echelon supply chain by integrating producers and distributors. this problem arises from real environment in which multi-plant with multi-function lines produce multi-perishable products with fixed life ti...

Meshfree Collocation Method is used to solve linear two-dimensional problems. This method differs from weak form methods such as Galerkin method and no cellular networking and no numerical  integration. Therefore, this method has no constraints such as the integration accuracy and the integration CPU time, and equations can be isolated directly from the strong form of governing PDE. The fundame...