During the period 1996–2000, forty-three heavy rainfall events have been detected in the Internal Basins of Catalonia (Northeastern of Spain). Most of these events caused floods and serious damage. This high number leads to the need for a methodology to classify them, on the basis of their surface rainfall distribution, their internal organization and their physical features. The aim of this pa...

Nanotechnology could be a very important field of recent research dealing with medical, industrial, environment. Silver nanoparticles are the topics of researchers because of their distinctive properties (size, shape depending optical, antimicrobial, and electrical properties). The synthesis of safe nanoparticles by biological organisms is recommended due to the environmental friendliness and l...

[1] Tide-induced variations in subsurface air pressure, mainly between 1.0 to 2.0 kPa, are observed in coastal areas in Hong Kong. A two-dimensional model which couples the two-phase air-water flow in unsaturated and saturated zones successfully reproduces the observed air pressure under no rain conditions. The simulation reveals that significant increases in air pressure depend on the tidal ra...

Two field microplot tests were conducted in sandy soil to evaluate retention of ethoprop in relation to simulated rainfall levels. Ethoprop was applied at the equivalent of 13.5 kg a.i./ha, and simulated rainfall was added at rates of 2.5, 7.5, 15.0, and 22.5 cm over a 6-day period. Ethoprop concentration in the soil at 5-, 10-, and 40-day intervals indicated that it was depleted rapidly with i...

Pangyo experimental catchment is located in Unjung Stream, which is the second tributary of the Tan River, the first tributary of the Han River, as well as Geumto Stream, which is a tributary of Unjung Stream. The area of the entire catchment is 23.1 km, with the Geumto Stream catchment spanning 9.84 km and the Unjung Stream catchment 13.26 km. Four ultrasonic stream gauges, one water level gau...

A hidden Markov model (HMM) is used to describe daily rainfall occurrence at ten gauge stations in the state of Ceará in northeast Brazil during the February–April wet season 1975–2002. The model assumes that rainfall occurrence is governed by a few discrete states, with Markovian daily transitions between them. Four “hidden” rainfall states are identified. One pair of the states represents wet...

the part of precipitation that directly meets the water requirements of a plant, is termed the effective rainfall. effective rainfall estimation methods consist of: direct measurement, empirical methods, and soil-water balance modeling. due to the high costs of measurements and storing devices such as lysimeter, empirical and balance methods are most commonly used to estimate the effective rain...