Stem diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height (H) are commonly used measures of tree growth. We examined patterns of height growth and diameter growth along a stem using a 20-year record of an even-aged hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl.) stand. In the region of the stem below the crown (except for the butt swell), diameter growth rates (ΔD) at different heights...

In modern engines with higher compression ratios, severe pressures and non-uniform heating up is occurred for the engine parts. The piston as the most critical part among all automotive components has been the subject of numerous studies on calculation of temperature distribution, but thermal stress analyses are limited. In this study, the piston of gasoline engine XU7 which is widespread in Ir...

Two procedures for the synthesis of benzo-21-crown-7 have been explored. The [1+1] macrocyclization with KBF₄ as the template was found to be more efficient than the intramolecular macrocyclization without template. Pseudorotaxanes form with secondary ammonium ions bearing at least one alkyl chain narrow enough to slip into the crown ether. Substitution on benzo-21-crown-7 or on the secondary a...

Die-pattern technique is presently the most prevalent in use as a general method of constructing inlays, and crown and bridge work. A wax pattern is prepared on a stone die and taken out to be invested and cast. This method and process of taking wax patterns out of the die occasionally causes deformation or damage to patterns due to handling or the properties of the wax itself, and this affects...

The crown-ether coordination compounds ZnX2(18-crown-6), EuX2(18-crown-6) (X: Cl, Br, I), MnI2(18-crown-6), Mn3Cl6(18-crown-6)2, Mn3I6(18-crown-6)2, and Mn2I4(18-crown-6) are obtained by ionic-liquid-based synthesis. Whereas MX2(18-crown-6) (M: Zn, Eu) show conventional structural motives, exhibit unusual single MnX4 tetrahedra coordinated to the complex. Surprisingly, some outstanding photolum...

A fractured coronal tooth structure beneath an intact crown is a common clinical occurrence. If the underlying root is healthy, the tooth is restored with a post and core followed by refabrication of the crown. This paper describes a technique of using the existing intact crown for the above-mentioned situation. A 34-year-old female was referred with a fractured right canine with an intact crow...

Compounds consisting of [M(1,2-disila-[3n]crown-n)]2+ (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; n = 5, 6) and [Ba(1,2-disila-benzo[18]crown-6)]2+ cations and different anions were obtained by equimolar reaction of the hybrid disila-crown ethers 1,2-disila[15]crown-5 (1), 1,2-disila[18]crown-6 (2) and 1,2-disila-benzo[18]crown-6 (7) with alkaline earth metal salts. Even with strongly coordinating anions such as Br- ...

Allometric theories suggest that the size and shape of organisms follow universal rules, with a tendency toward quarter-power scaling. In woody plants, however, structure is influenced by branch death and shedding, which leads to decreasing crown ratios, accumulation of heartwood, and stem and branch tapering. This paper examines the impacts on allometric scaling of these aspects, which so far ...