Aliphatic compounds on plant surfaces, called epicuticular waxes, are the first line of defense against pathogens and pests, contribute to reducing water loss and determine other important phenotypes. Aliphatics can form crystals affecting light refraction, resulting in a color change and allowing identification of mutants in their synthesis or transport. The present study discloses three such ...

Recent History of Viral Hepatitis Michael L. Alkan, Medical School for International Health For a long period of time, it was believed that viral hepatitis had two faces. One came in outbreaks, with a short incubation period and a relatively mild clinical course, without any sequelae. The other form was sporadic, prolonged, and followed by severe liver damage. During World War II, many soldiers...

BACKGROUND this study represents a case series to evaluate how successful is the rigid percutaneous nephroscopy as a tool for clearance of all stones in various locations in horseshoe kidneys. METHODS Between 2005 and 2009, we carried out PCNL (percutaneous nephrolithotomy) for calculi in horseshoe kidneys in 21 renal units (17 patients) in our department. The indications were large stone bur...

Background Combination of MTX with a bDMARDs or tsDMARDs is considered the most effective treatment regimen currently available for patients RA who have failed to respond conventional DMARDs. However, approximately 30% receive as monotherapy in daily clinical practice. Studies literature do not assess unintentional general. it thought that some may switch unintentionally. In other words, are pr...

Further reading Baillie, J.K., Barnett, M.W., Upton, K.R., Gerhardt, D.J., Richmond, T.A., De Sapio, F., Brennan, P.M., Rizzu, P., Smith, S., Fell, M., et al. (2011). Somatic retrotransposition alters the genetic landscape of the human brain. Nature 479, 534–537. Beck, C.R., Garcia-Perez, J.L., Badge, R.M., and Moran, J.V. (2011). LINE-1 elements in structural variation and disease. Annu. Rev. ...

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a fatal, incurable, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative disease. The parieto-occipital lobes are the most frequently and severely affected. The basal ganglia, cerebellum, spinal cord and corpus callosum are less frequently involved [1-4]. Because magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides information regarding in vivo brain metabolism and neuron...

The production of novel catalyst support materials could open up new ways to enhance the catalytic activity by reduced catalyst loadings. Nanocomposites composed of conducting polymers reinforced with graphene nanosheets (GNS) or graphite oxide (GO) sheets can be potential fuel cell electrodes as an alternative to commercial fuel cell electrodes. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)...

Next-generation sequencing technologies are quickly becoming the preferred approach for characterizing and quantifying entire genomes. Even though data produced from these technologies are proving to be the most informative of any thus far, very little attention has been paid to fundamental design aspects of data collection and analysis, namely sampling, randomization, replication, and blocking...