Introduction. Let A be a commutative semi-simple Banach algebra and let A(.4) be the set of nonzero multiplicative functionals on A. Denote by A' the strongly closed span of A(^4) and by A" the Banach space adjoint of A'. Modifying a construction of R. Arens [l] we introduce a multiplication in A" under which A" becomes a commutative Banach algebra. A is algebraically isomorphic to a subalgebra...

We show how to formalize approximate counting via hash functions in subsystems of bounded arithmetic, using variants of the weak pigeonhole principle. We discuss several applications, including a proof of the tournament principle, and an improvement on the known relationship of the collapse of the bounded arithmetic hierarchy to the collapse of the polynomial-time hierarchy.

Graph cut algorithms [9], commonly used in computer vision, solve a first-order MRF over binary variables. The state of the art for this NP-hard problem is QPBO [1, 2], which finds the values for a subset of the variables in the global minimum. While QPBO is very effective overall there are still many difficult problems where it can only label a small subset of the variables. We propose a new a...

and Applied Analysis 3 Step 1. Let F {a} be singleton. Then, there are u ∈ U and v ∈ V such that ‖uv‖ < M, and ‖ u, v, a − a‖ < M 1 . 2.2 Letting w uv ◦ uv, then ‖ uv ◦ uv, a − a‖ ‖ u, v, u, v, a − a − u, v, a − a ‖ < . 2.3 Step 2. Let F {a1, a2}. There is a u1, v1 ∈ U × V such that ‖ u1, v1, a1 − a1‖ < / 1 M , and for u1, v1, a2 − a2 ∈ A there is a u2, v2 ∈ U × V such that ‖ u2, v2, u1, v1, a2...