In this paper, a solar based hydrogen production in the city of Tehran, the capital of Iran is simulated and the cost of produced hydrogen is evaluated. Local solar power profile is obtained using TRNSYS software for a typical parking station in Tehran. The generated electricity is used to supply power to a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer for hydrogen production. Dynamic nature of s...

Taiwan has implemented a floating oil-price mechanism since 2007, which is aimed at connecting the domestic oil price with the international oil price. Given that the consumers’ behavior may change once the price truly responds to its cost and the air quality may consequently be improved, this study investigates the effect of oil price on the concentration of 7 air pollutants, taking the adopti...

The objective of this study was to provide conservative estimates of the global and regional effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of tobacco control policies. Using a static model of the cohort of smokers alive in 1995, we estimated the number of smoking-attributable deaths that could be averted by: (1) price increases, (2) nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), and (3) a package of non-price inte...

estimating the final price of products is of great importance. for manufacturing companies proposing a final price is only possible after the design process over. these companies propose an approximate initial price of the required products to the customers for which some of time and money is required. here using the existing data of already designed transformers and utilizing the bayesian anal...

We model the optimal price setting problem of a firm in the presence of both information and menu costs. In this problem the firm optimally decides when to collect costly information on the adequacy of its price, an activity which we refer to as a price “review”. Upon each review, the firm chooses whether to adjust its price, subject to a menu cost, and when to conduct the next price review. Th...

The uniform delivered price is the price contains mill price and transportation cost. Although the firms bear the transportation cost, practically the firms would pass all or part of transportation cost through to consumers. The research finds that, as the demand curve slopes downward or there exists competitors or potential competitors, the U.D.P. firms neither can pass all of transportation c...

This note is a complementary material for the solution of optimal real-time bidding function in paper [1], where the estimated cost is taken as the bid price, i.e., the upper bound of the true cost. Here we discuss a more general bid optimisation framework with various utility and cost functions. 1 Preliminaries Define the bidding function as b(r) which returns the bid price given the estimated...

This paper models a market in which one firm sells a good with a public base price and a hidden additional fee. Consumers are separated by high and low search costs and have the opportunity to incur their search cost to learn the true value of the add-on price. The firm has a discontinuous profit function that models its trade off between increasing the base price and losing consumers who drop ...

Menu costs, or price adjustment costs, refer to the total cost of changing the price of a product, which includes the physical cost of making the change as well as the managerial cost of making the price change decision. Prior work has presumed that online retailers face no menu costs, potentially leading to Bertrand competition and the Law of One Price. However, little empirical evidence exist...

There has been increasing interest in understanding how firms undertake non-price adjustment activities, especially in situations where prices may be rigid despite changes in market conditions. Using scanner price data for over 4500 different food products from a large US supermarket chain, we document periods of rigidity in product additions and deletions: new products are less likely to be in...