A subset $D\subseteq V_G$ is a dominating set of $G$ if every vertex in $V_G-D$ has a~neighbor $D$, while $D$ paired-dominating a~dominating and the subgraph induced by contains perfect matching. graph $D\!P\!D\!P$-graph it pair $(D,P)$ disjoint sets vertices such that $P$ $G$. The study $D\!P\!D\!P$-graphs was initiated Southey Henning (Cent. Eur. J. Math. 8 (2010) 459--467; Comb. Optim. 22 (2...

The aim of present paper is to study a constrained programming with generalized $alpha-$univex fuzzy mappings. In this paper we introduce the concepts of $alpha-$univex, $alpha-$preunivex, pseudo $alpha-$univex and $alpha-$unicave fuzzy mappings, and we discover that $alpha-$univex fuzzy mappings are more general than univex fuzzy mappings. Then, we discuss the relationships of generalized $alp...

A double Roman dominating function on a graph $G$ with vertex set $V(G)$ is defined in cite{bhh} as a function$f:V(G)rightarrow{0,1,2,3}$ having the property that if $f(v)=0$, then the vertex $v$ must have at least twoneighbors assigned 2 under $f$ or one neighbor $w$ with $f(w)=3$, and if $f(v)=1$, then the vertex $v$ must haveat least one neighbor $u$ with $f(u)ge 2$. The weight of a double R...

in this paper, the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy mapping as a generalization of fuzzy mapping is presented, and its' relationship with intuitionistic fuzzy relations is derived. moreover, some basicoperations of intuitionistic fuzzy mappings are defined, hence we can conclude that all of intuitionistic fuzzy mappings constitute a soft algebrawith respect to these operations. afterwards, the a...

For any edge of an isolate free graph , , 〈 〉 is the subgraph induced by the vertices adjacent to u and v in G. We say that an edge x, edominates an edge y if ∈ 〈 〉 . A set ⊆ is an Edge-Edge Dominating Set (EED-set) if every edge in is e-dominated by an edge in L. The edgeedge domination number is the cardinality of a minimum EED-set. We find the relation ship between the new parameter and some...

A set S of vertices in a graph G=(V,E) is a dominating set ofG if every vertex of V-S is adjacent to some vertex of S.For an integer k≥1, a set S of vertices is a k-step dominating set if any vertex of $G$ is at distance k from somevertex of S. In this paper, using membership values of vertices and edges in fuzzy graphs, we introduce the concepts of strength of strongestdominating set as well a...

Given a simple graph G = (V, E), an edge (u, u) E E is said to dominate itself and any edge (u,x) or (u,x), where x E V. A subset D C E is called an efficient edge dominating set of G if all edges in E are dominated by exactly one edge of D. The efficient edge domination problem is to find an efficient edge dominating set of minimum size in G. Suppose that each edge e E E is associated with a r...