This paper tries to study the role of political leadership and how it influenced victories and failures during history. Therefore, in a journey through fluctuating Iranian history, four prominent and influential wars of past two centuries – initially Iran-Russia war and finally Iran-Iraq war- have been studied. While comparing Iran's political leadership in these wars and their consequences, th...

Abstract In this article, by comparing the historical reports of the book Estirār al-Emām with the reports of non-Ismaili sources, an attempt is made to examine and analyze the validity of this book as a historiographical source in reconstructing the history of the Ismailis before 297 AH. The results show that a critical reference to Ismaili works along with non-Ismaili sources can be an impor...