چکیده ندارد.

insurers have in the past few decades faced longevity risks - the risk that annuitants survive more than expected - and therefore need a new approach to manage this new risk. in this dissertation we survey methods that hedge longevity risks. these methods use securitization to manage risk, so using modern financial and insurance pricing models, especially wang transform and actuarial concepts, ...

In this article, centralized resource allocation (CRA) models based on the value efficiency in DEA and DEA-R are recommended. In general, if the input and output data of decision-making units are available, DEA models provide targets of units on the efficiency frontier in addition to the efficiency of units. However, if only a ratio of the input data to output data, or vice versa, is available,...

Background and Aim: Hospitals as one of the major institutions providing health care services within the health sector utilize a high percentage of the sector's key resources to respond to the needs of consumers. The aim of the present study was to identify factors affecting technical, scale and management efficiency of the Social Security Organization (SSO) hospitals during the period 2007-200...

Background and Aim: Lack of attention to hospital efficiency, in addition to increasing medical costs, limits universal access to health care. The purpose of this study was to draw a picture of the resource efficiency status of inpatient units and its changes over the years 2015 to 2018 in a large specialized hospital in Tehran. Methods: The study was a multiple cross-sectional and applied stud...