recently, researches on motor learning have illustrated that learning with effortless process supports learning under psychological stress. also, contextual interference and practice specificity theories are among those theories which investigate desired practice conditions. the current study aimed at identifying cognitive effort and effortless process based on contextual interference and pract...

o be labeled as being ‘‘intelligent’’ imparts positive feelings, encourages self esteem and a sense of worth. Yet, what is intelligent and smart? This has been the focus of theories, definitions and philosophies dating as far back as Plato (428 BC); yet most presumably, dating prior to this historical figure, might be due to the fact that humankind is himself intelligent. One way to seek unders...

Followership is a developing paradigm in organizational behavior which focusesmainly on followers. The goal of this study is to explore follower’s implicitfollowership theories (IFTs) which entail an analysis of follower’s views andperception about followership. For this purpose, based on a phenomenologicalapproach, semi-structured interviews with employees of large public and privateorganizati...

People make social inferences without intentions, awareness, or effort, i.e., spontaneously. We review recent findings on spontaneous social inferences (especially traits, goals, and causes) and closely related phenomena. We then describe current thinking on some of the most relevant processes, implicit knowledge, and theories. These include automatic and controlled processes and their interpla...

Reading has been studied for decades, yet no theories exist which completely explain it. In particular, a type of knowledge intensive reading, creative reading, has been practically ignored. Creative reading is the reading of texts which contain novel concepts. Nearly all reading will be creative to some degree; thus, any theory which overlooks this will be incomplete. By combining results from...