By anachronistically attributing the origin and growth of popular education entirely to state intervention, standard histories of state education have failed to delimit sufficiently the state's role in educational development. This paper offers a theoretically based examination of the British state's intervention in the emerging market for popular education in England during the nineteenth cent...

there are different approaches in philosophical justification of the influences of metaphysical or spiritual causes on the material world. according to the approaches of the the most muslim thinkers, the deposited factors are influencing the on material world, but such influencing is along with the natural and material causes. accordingly, is it possible to propose a methodological materialism ...

a bstract   background: qualitative research focuses on social world and provides the tools to study health phenomena from the perspective of those experiencing them. identifying the problem, forming the question, and selecting an appropriate methodology and design are some of the initial challenges that researchers encounter in the early stages of any research project. these problems are parti...

Today a convergence between the fields of anthropology and economics has re-emerged after decades during which the dictates of methodological individualism, as strikingly elucidated by Kenneth Arrow, had seriously limited and hampered effective scholarship in studies of economic and social development in developing countries. A new generation of development economists represented by Spolaori an...

According to the ‘mating intelligence’ theory by evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey Miller, human morality is a system of sexually selected traits which serve as costly signals to the other sex about one’s fitness and readiness to take care for possible offspring. Starting from the standard prediction of evolutionary psychology that sexual selection produces psychological sex differences in hum...

We critically review the methodological practices of two research programs which are jointly called ‘neuroeconomics’. We defend the first of these, termed ‘neurocellular economics’ (NE) by Ross (2008), from an attack on its relevance by Gul and Pesendorfer (2008) (GP). This attack arbitrarily singles out some but not all processing variables as unimportant to economics, is insensitive to the re...

Dyslexia is treated by many specialists as a cognitive impairment involving visual attention deficit. It may cause an image of letter rotation or overlapping. Both children and adults suffer from this disease, differing in individual needs and seriousness. With a growing amount of information being distributed digitally, there is a need to accommodate online text to dyslexic users. However, wit...

Group-level cognitive states are widely observed in human social systems, but their discussion is often ruled out a priori in quantitative approaches. In this paper, we show how reference to the irreducible mental states and psychological dynamics of a group is necessary to make sense of large scale social phenomena. We introduce the problem of mental boundaries by reference to a classic proble...