3 Abstract 4 Colonies of several ant species within the subfamily Dorylinae alternate 5 stereotypical discrete phases of foraging and reproduction. Such phasic cycles are 6 thought to be adaptive because they minimize the amount of foraging and the related 7 costs, and at the same time enhance the colony-level ability to rely on patchily 8 distributed food sources. In order to investigate these...

Colonies of several ant species within the subfamily Dorylinae alternate stereotypical discrete phases of foraging and reproduction. Such phasic cycles are thought to be adaptive because they minimize the amount of foraging and the related costs, and at the same time enhance the colony-level ability to rely on patchily distributed food sources. In order to investigate these hypotheses, we use h...

Phasic changes in dopamine activity play a critical role in learning and goal-directed behavior. Unpredicted reward and reward-predictive cues evoke phasic increases in the firing rate of the majority of midbrain dopamine neurons--results that predict uniformly broadcast increases in dopamine concentration throughout the striatum. However, measurement of dopamine concentration changes during re...

In vivo stimulation of a relatively "silent" phasic crayfish motoneuron changes the ultrastructure of its synaptic terminals to a more tonic phenotype. The closer muscle of the crayfish claw is supplied by only 2 excitatory motoneurons, one of which is phasic and the other tonic. The ultrastructures of conditioned phasic, unconditioned phasic, and tonic motor terminals were compared. The termin...

BACKGROUND Rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) is characterized by activation of the cortical and hippocampal electroencephalogram (EEG) and atonia of non-respiratory muscles with superimposed phasic activity or twitching, particularly of cranial muscles such as those of the eye, tongue, face and jaw. While phasic activity is a characteristic feature of REMS, the neural substrates driving this acti...

Conventional data envelopment analysis (DEA) models are used to measure efficiency score of production systems when they are considered as black boxes and their internal relationship is ignored. This paper deals with a common special case of network systems which is called multi-stage production system and can be generalized to many organizations. A multi stage production system has some stages...