Vaccination plays an important part in the health management of the poultry flock. There are numerous diseases that are prevented by vaccinating the birds against them. Vaccination is a way of obtaining a controlled result with a minimum of harm to the birds. Vaccines are generally fragile products some of which are live but in a state of suspended animation. The aim of this study was to assess...

BACKGROUND The optimum age for measles vaccination varies from country to country and thus a standardized vaccination schedule is controversial. While the increase in measles vaccination coverage has produced significant changes in the epidemiology of infection, vaccination schedules have not been adjusted. Instead, measures to cut wild-type virus transmission through mass vaccination campaigns...

Bacterial co-infections can probably influence the pathogenicity of H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of exposure time to Escherichia coli (O:2) on the pathogenicity of H9N2 AIV in broiler chickens. Three hundred and sixty broiler chickens were randomly allocated to six equal groups. At the age of 26 days, all chicks except groups 5 and 6 w...

BACKGROUND Canine influenza virus (CIV) of the H3N8 subtype has emerged in dog populations throughout the United States where it has become endemic in kennels and animal shelters in some regions. It has not previously been determined whether the canine-adapted H3N8 influenza virus can be transmitted to chickens, turkeys or ducks which are economically important animals that are susceptible to t...

Because fatal infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1 have been reported in birds of prey, we sought to determine detailed information about the birds' susceptibility and protection after vaccination. Ten falcons vaccinated with an inactivated influenza virus (H5N2) vaccine seroconverted. We then challenged 5 vaccinated and 5 nonvaccinated falcons with HPAI...

In homologous and heterologous challenge trials using calves <or= 6 weeks old, this comparative study investigated safety, in vivo behaviour and protective properties of oral and intramuscular vaccination with recently developed live attenuated Salmonella Dublin mutant N-RM25. Neither oral nor intramuscular vaccination produced unacceptable side effects. However, the vaccine strain was isolated...

Prophylactic vaccination using live attenuated classical swine fever (CSF) vaccines has been a very effective method to control the disease in endemic regions and during outbreaks in previously disease-free areas. These vaccines confer effective protection against the disease at early times post-vaccination although the mechanisms mediating the protection are poorly characterized. Here we prese...

The present study was carried out to examine the effect of supplemental dietary valine in the starter diet of broilers (0-15 d of age) on performance, antibodyresponse to Newcastle disease virus vaccination and bone mineralization. The experiment was conducted using 300 Ross 308 male broilers. One-day-old chicks were randomly allotted to 3 groups; each group consisted of 5 replicate pens with 2...

The individual and combined effects of dietary aflatoxin B(1 )(AFB(1)) and fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) on liver pathology, serum levels of aspartate amino-transferase (AST) and plasma total protein (TP) of broilers were evaluated from 8 to 41 days of age. Dietary treatments included a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with three levels of AFB(1 )(0, 50 and 200 μg AFB(1)/kg), and three levels of FB(1 )(0, ...