Background: The Multi state Markov models have extensively application with categorization of laboratory marker of CD4 cells for evaluation of HIV disease progression. These models with different states result in different effects of covariates and prediction of HIV disease trend. The main purpose of this study was comparison of four and five states models with the three- state in order to sele...

This paper investigates the reliability characteristics of a complex system having nine subsystems arranged in the form of 3x3 matrix in which each row contains three subsystems. The configuration of the row is of the type 2-out-of-3: F. Each subsystem has n units connected in series. The system fails if any one row containing three subsystems fails. The considered system analyzed incorporating...

A Markov chain is a natural probability model for accounts receivable. For example, accounts that are “current” this month have a probability of moving next month into “current”, “delinquent” or “paid-off” states. If the transition matrix of the Markov chain were known, forecasts could be formed for future months for each state. This paper applies a Markov chain model to subprime loans that app...

1 Ways to Describe a Stochastic Process We will use the biased coin example to illustrate three ways with which we can describe a stochastic process, a Markov Chain (MC) in particular. Probabilistic Random variable X represents the outcome of the experiment where we toss a specific coin once. There is 0.55 probability for the result to be heads (H) and 0.45 to be tails (T). X i = H with probabi...

Probabilistic Boolean Network (PBN) is widely used to model genetic regulatory networks. Evolution of the PBN is according to the transition probability matrix. Steady-state (long-run behaviour) analysis is a key aspect in studying the dynamics of genetic regulatory networks. In this paper, an efficient method to construct the sparse transition probability matrix is proposed, and the power meth...

objective(s) physiological changes in the body may be utilized as potential triggers for controlled drug delivery. based on these mechanisms, stimulus-responsive drug delivery has been developed. materials and methods in this study, a kind of poly (n-isopropylacrylamide-acrylamide) membrane was prepared by radical copolymerization. changes in swelling ratios and diameters of the membrane were i...

As discussed in previous lecture, a process that is both Markov and time independent is called a stationary Markov Process. A finite state stationary Markov process {Xi} can be viewed as a Markov chain. Fig. 1 shows a two-state Markov chain diagram. In this example, there are two states labeled as a and b. Thus, the values of Xi ∈ [a, b]. Associated with a Markov chain is a transition probabili...

This paper examines the questions of why and how foreign assistance was utilized successfully in South Korea but less so in Ghana, with a focus on the role of aid in the process of state building and state transition in these two countries. Before the 1960s, South Korea and Ghana shared approximately similar levels of GDP per capita. However, while South Korea achieved rapid economic developmen...