The notion and practice of development have been severely critiqued from both modernist and postmodernist perspectives, yet the global development industry flourishes. The latter have afforded important insights, but also suffer from unexamined ideological agendas, a disinclination to undertake detailed research into development processes and policy, a preoccupation with texts and representatio...

Brent D. Ryan first visited Detroit in 1993. Describing this experience, he says: ‘‘The sense of emptiness was overpowering. ... I felt as if I was walking into the ruin of America.’’ In his book ‘‘Design after decline—how America rebuilds shrinking cities,’’ Ryan tries to understand why so many American cities have been losing population, what was and is done to change the fortune of these cit...

The "information" interests of the key figures involved reflected what we might label a modernist European Knowledge Project in that those involved were committed to a modernist belief in rationality, planning, standardization, the value of the scientific method and the inevitability of scientific and social progress as they conceptualized and attempted to solve "information " problems. For a l...

some literary texts seem being created on the threshold of two different movements, since they reflect the features of them both. some literary features are also common in two different literary movements and they can even be seen in the works belong to two different eras. the novel “asfār-e-kātebān” (books of scribers) is among the works which have lots of techniques and measures which are the...

In the course of his short literary life, Liu Na'ou travelled across four geographical areas: Taiwan, Japan, Shanghai and Beijing, as well as five cultural domains: Taiwanese, Japanese, French, English and Chinese. The transnational facet of Liu's modernist writing is not merely literary or cultural but political and historical. The earliest modernist writing in China was initiated on the basis...

Word sense disambiguation continues to be a di cult problem in machine translation (MT). Current methods either demand large amounts of corpus data and training or rely on knowledge of hard selectional constraints. In either case, the methods have been demonstrated only on a small scale and mostly in isolation, where disambiguation is a task by itself. It is not clear that the methods can be sc...