Xi, Xinzheng, and Linda A. Toth. Lipopolysaccharide effects on neuronal activity in rat basal forebrain and hypothalamus during sleep and waking. Am. J. Physiol. Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 278: R620–R627, 2000.— Peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is associated with alterations in sleep and the electroencephalogram. To evaluate potential neuronal mechanisms for the ...

Introduction The transcription factor rx3 is important for the formation of pituitary and parts hypothalamus. Mutant animals lacking function have been well characterized in developmental studies, but relatively little known about their behavioral phenotypes. Methods We used cell type staining to reveal differences stress axis architecture, performed cortisol measurements behavior analysis stud...

The distribution of estrogen receptor protein-alpha (ER-alpha)-containing cells in the human hypothalamus and adjacent regions was studied using a monoclonal antibody (H222) raised against ER-alpha derived from MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Reaction product was found in restricted populations of neurons and astrocyte-like cells. Neurons immunoreactive for ER-alpha were diffusely distributed ...

The participation of gonadal steroid hormones in the regulation of the expression of the somatostatin gene in the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex was studied by using a quantitative densitometric hybridization assay which allows the direct measurement of specific somatostatin mRNA levels. The levels of somatostatin mRNA in hypothalamus were found to be significantly decreased following gonadec...

Hepatocytes have a great replicative capacity and are capable of repopulating the liver. Previous studies have suggested that the autonomic nervous system regulates liver regeneration and apoptosis. Moreover, the central nervous system modulates them through the autonomic nervous system. The lateral hypothalamus (LH) area and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) nucleus have been studied for the...

The hypothalamus regulates numerous autonomic responses and behaviors. The neuroactive substances corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), arginine-vasopressin (AVP), histidine decarboxylase (HDC), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), and orexin/hypocretins (ORX) produced in the hypothalamus mediate a subset of these processes. Although the expression patterns of these genes have been well studied...

Living organisms contain a variety of endogenous peptides that function as significant regulators many biological processes. Endogenous are typically analyzed using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). However, due to the low efficiency peptide extraction and abundance in single animal, LC-MS–based peptidomics studies have not facilitated an understanding individual differences tiss...

It has long been suggested that the secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones is under the control of the hypothalamus (Green and Harris, 1947; Harris, 1955). Early studies of the vasculature of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system in birds and mammals described a portal system of capillaries in close contact with neurosecretory cells of the median eminence of the hypothalamus and draining to...