A watershed management program is usually based on the results of watershed modeling. Accurate modeling results are decided by the appropriate parameters and input data. Precipitation is the most important input for watershed modeling. Precipitation characteristics usually exhibit significant spatial variation, even within small watersheds. Therefore, properly describing the spatial variation o...

karkhe watershed (kw) with more than 5 million hectares recently encountered many problems in the natural, social and man-made habitats. unsuitable use of land, soil erosion and lack of rainfall are the most destructive factors in this watershed affecting the whole region fundamentally. as expected, these problems have caused a considerable fall in biodiversity in fauna and flora, a decrease in...

We study water flow computation on imprecise terrains. We consider two approaches to modeling flow on a terrain: one where water flows across the surface of a polyhedral terrain in the direction of steepest descent, and one where water only flows along the edges of a predefined graph, for example a grid or a triangulation. In both cases each vertex has an imprecise elevation, given by an interv...

We compiled USDA Census of Agriculture data on livestock production and agricultural land use along with USGS estimates of fertilizer use to evaluate trends in agricultural sources of nitrogen (N) to the watershed of the Altamaha River. Between 1954 and 2002, the estimated contribution of N from the three major livestock crops (cattle, chickens, and pigs) remained fairly stable, averaging appro...

nowadays organization especially r&d; centers are dealing with project portfolio selection decisions under uncertainty. moreover in the most of the past research, project portfolio selection and scheduling are often considered to be independent problem. this leads to insufficient result in real world. so in this research simultaneous project portfolio selection and scheduling problem is modelin...