â â â  â â â  abstract â  using a structural var with block exogeneity, diagonality and identifying restrictions, this paper analyzes: first, the macroeconomic linkages among the oil price, u.s. output, interest rate, money supply, general price level and exchange rate and second, the relationships of the macroeconomic variables with the price indices of ten international nonfuel commodity grou...

Using a structural VAR with block exogeneity, diagonality and identifying restrictions, this paper analyzes: first, the macroeconomic linkages among the oil price, U.S. output, interest rate, money supply, general price level and exchange rate and second, the relationships of the macroeconomic variables with the price indices of ten international nonfuel commodity groups. By assuming the block ...

Thread-based concurrent languages currently do not provide much support to (a) avoid deadlocks, (b) treat competing threads in a fair way, and (c) allow branching depending on lock availability. This makes parallel programming di cult and error prone and thus reduces the programmer's productivity. In this paper we present a lock statement for fair atomic locking of several locks that supports (...

B-trees and their variants are efficient data structures for finding records in a large collection (e.g., databases). The efficiency of B-trees increases when a number of users can manipulate the tree simultaneously. Many algorithms have been developed over the last three decades to achieve both concurrency and consistency in B-trees. However, current lock-based concurrency-control techniques l...

A race condition is a situation where two threads manipulate a data structure simultaneously, without synchronization. Race conditions are common errors in multithreaded programming. They often lead to unintended nondeterminism and wrong results. Moreover, they are notoriously hard to diagnose, and attempts to eliminate them can introduce deadlocks. In practice, race conditions and deadlocks ar...

A n important class of concurrent objec t s are those that are lock-free, tha t is, whose operat ions are not conta ined wi th in mutua l ly exclusive critical sect ions . A lock-free object can be accessed by m a n y threads at a t ime , yet clever u p d a t e protocols based on a t o m i c C o m p a r e A n d S w a p operat ions guarantee the object ' s consistency. In th is paper we take a p...

Existing technologies, institutions, andbehavioral norms together act to constrain the rate and magnitude of carbon emissions reductions in the coming decades. The inertia of carbon emissions due to such mutually reinforcing physical, economic, and social constraints is referred to as carbon lock-in. Carbon lock-in is a special case of path dependency, which is common in the evolution of comple...