Today, more and more cities worldwide are realizing the importance of semantic 3D city models. Various application areas of 3D city models such as simulations require the usage of highly dynamic and time-varying attributes, which are currently not supported by any standard. In this paper, we propose a new concept ’dynamizer’, which extends static 3D city models by supporting variations of indiv...

Central place theory is a key building block of economic geography and an empirically plausible description of city systems. This paper provides a rationale for central place theory via a dynamic programming formulation of the social planner’s problem of city hierarchy. We show that there must be one and only one immediate smaller city between two neighboring larger-sized cities in any optimal ...

A dynamic feature refers to an individual feature that can involve the change of population counts, identities, thematic attributes, spatial, or temporal characteristics etc. A 3D visualization of individual dynamic features provides an intuitive and vivid way of conveying information, and it is also an important milestone for achieving a complete spatiotemporal city model, therefore a city mod...

The collection and treatment of waste poses a major challenge to modern urban planning, particularly to smart cities. To cope with this problem, a cost-effective alternative to conventional methods is the use of Automated Vacuum Waste Collection (AVWC) systems, using air suction on a closed network of underground pipes to transport waste from the drop off points scattered throughout the city to...

The smart grid is the emerging energy system wherein the application of information technology, tools and techniques that make the grid run more efficiently. It possesses demand response capacity to help balance electrical consumption with supply. The challenges and opportunities of emerging and future smart grids can be addressed by cloud computing. To focus on these requirements, we provide a...

A cohor t is a fixed population. Its membership is permanent (even after death)8, 14). Examples are as follows: people born in Kagoshima, and the alumni of Hirosaki University. A cohort study follows a fixed population. Unfixed populations are called dynamic populations (open populations). The membership of a dynamic cohort is not permanent. Examples are as follows: Hirosaki University students...