The ICT is one of the main determinant factors of e-commerce industry such as tourism industry in developing countries like Iran. For this purpose, the main objective of this paper is to investigate the long-run relationship between ICT indices such as internet users, government expenditures on ICT to the GDP and mobile cellular in Iranian economy during the 1976-2014. The empirical model has b...

Food price inflation has been a significant subject of debate in Turkey since food prices soared 2018. The study examines the linkage between agricultural input and by using quantitative method approaches with monthly data spanning from 2015-M01 to 2020-M01. A co-integration analysis is performed autoregressive-distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test approach Maki structural breaks. Additionally, fu...

Co-design empowers people, giving them a voice in social marketing program design; however, approaches have mostly excluded expert knowledge. An abductive approach to co-design allows for inclusion of knowledge, providing theoretical guidance while simultaneously investigating user views and ideas extending understanding beyond known effective approaches. We use the seven-step framework outline...

The present paper analyzes the existence of a long-run relationship between the trade balance and exchange rate of Iran and South Korea by a new approach. It proposes an asymmetric co-integrating NARDL model by two positive and negative partial sum decompositions which can use mixed I (0) and I (1) variables by bounds testing approach. The proposed tests are based on calculated F –statistics an...

This article investigates the long ‒term and short interactions between crude oil products export, consumer market, retail trade, public catering, paid services trade turnover per person of population in Azerbaijan using annual data from 1997 to 2021. In this research, ARDL model was used assess co ‒integration relationships. addition, study FMOLS, DOLS, CCR equations explore coefficients varia...

This paper aims to investigate coal consumption and environmental sustainability in South Africa by examining the role of financial development globalization using a dataset covering period from 1980 2017. The study utilized Auto-regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) approach addition Bayer Hank combined co-integration, fully modified Ordinary least squares (FMOLS), Dynamic ordinary Squares (...

To examine the long-term causality between Cardiorespiratory Electromyography Galvanic signals for 17 drivers taken from Stress Recognition in Automobile Drivers database. Methods: Two statistical methods, co-integration to reveal an eventual existence of a long-term relationship between ECG (Electrocardiograph), EMG (electromyography), GSR (galvanic skin resistance), heart rate (HR) and respir...

This paper applies Pedroni's panel cointegration approach to explore the causal relationship between trade openness, carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth for the panel of newly industrialized economies (i.e., Brazil, India, China, and South Africa) over the period of 1970-2013. Our panel cointegration estimation results found majority of the variables cointegrated a...