The present study aimed to investigate the effect of picture-based vs. context-base method onIranian intermediate EFL learners' knowledge of prepositions. The main question this study triedto answer were whether using picture-based vs. context-based method might enhance higherknowledge of prepositions in Iranian learners of English at intermediate level. To answer thequestions, 45 intermediate ...

The concept of tree-based picture generation is introduced. It is shown that there are equivalent tree-based deenitions of four picture-generating devices known from the literature, namely collage grammars, mutually recursive function systems, context-free chain-code grammars, and 0L-systems with turtle interpretation. Furthermore, generalisations of each of these systems are discussed.

The current study examines the impact of different task types on learning prepositions in form and meaning- focused interaction enhancement- based classes. The participants were 57 second Year University students enrolled in three intact lab classes at Tabriz Islamic Azad University.  The first group was provided with form-focused interaction enhancement, the second with the meaning-focused int...

Maps and pictures are examples of analogical representations. The internal structure of such representations closely resembles the internal structure of the things represented. Such representations have good computational properties, and have been used successfully in various knowledge-based reasoning systems. In this paper, we review the properties and uses of such representations.

In the experiment described in this paper we investigated the effects of different kinds of computer-based visualizations on the acquisition of problem-solving skills in the domain of probability theory. Learners received either purely text-based worked examples, text plus an instruction to mentally imagine the examples’ contents, or they could retrieve either static pictures or concrete animat...