a b s t r a c t abstract- methamphetamine has rapidly become more prominent in iran, which is now second most common drug behind heroin. moreover, initiation of methamphetamine abuse is a major cause of failure of opioid treatment programs such as methadone maintenance treatment. this calls for development of more effective treatment methods for methamphetamine addiction, and especially develop...

objective some lines of evidences demonstrate that opioids are involved in water and food intake. on the other hand the dopaminergic mesolimbic system that consists of ventral tegmental area (vta), nucleus accumbens (nac) and medial prefrontal cortex is considered to be crucial in the rewarding actions of opiates. there are also reports showing that this system has some roles in appetite and dr...

  The involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the reinforcing properties of opiate reward was studied by examining the effect of a NO precursor (L-arginine) and a NO synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) on the rate of intravenous self-administration of morphine. This experiment was investigated in male albino Sprague Dawley rats (300 ± 50 g). At doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg (i.p.), L-arginine decreased morphine ...

The purpose of this integrated literature review (1980-1997) is to describe and summarize specific nursing interventions that have been devised to aid community-dwelling older adults with self-administration of prescribed medications. Interventions that combine patient education with written information or follow-up phone calls produce the most positive results. By using interventions supported...

Objective Some lines of evidences demonstrate that opioids are involved in water and food intake. On the other hand the dopaminergic mesolimbic system that consists of ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex is considered to be crucial in the rewarding actions of opiates. There are also reports showing that this system has some roles in appetite and dr...

Stimulants such as cocaine and the amphetamines are widely abused due to their rewarding effects. Much of what we know about drug abuse and drug reward comes from research involving stimulants, and much of this research involves using drug self-administration as an animal model of drug abuse. In this chapter, the example of stimulant self-administration is used to illustrate: (1) the basic meth...