the subject of divine will is discussed in three views of imammieh, moatazeleh, and ashaereh scholars. in views of them, god has will, however, there are differences between their beliefs: is divine will a substance attribute or an attribute surplus to substance is divine will an ancient or created attribute is divine will an affirmative or privative attribute is divine will a real or unreal at...

auctions have been as a competitive method of buying and selling valuable or rare items for a long time. single-sided auctions in which participants negotiate on a single attribute (e.g. price) are very popular. double auctions and negotiation on multiple attributes create more advantages compared to single-sided and single-attribute auctions. nonetheless, this adds the complexity of the auctio...

In this paper, we examine Decision Graphs, a generalization of decision trees. We present an inference scheme to construct decision graphs using the Minimum Message Length Principle. Empirical tests demonstrate that this scheme compares favourably with other decision tree inference schemes. This work provides a metric for comparing the relative merit of the decision tree and decision graph form...

Although various methods have been proposed for pedestrian attribute recognition, most studies follow the same feature learning mechanism, \ie, a shared image to classify multiple attributes. However, this mechanism leads low-confidence predictions and non-robustness of model in inference stage. In paper, we investigate why is case. We mathematically discover that central cause optimal cannot m...