Establishing a direct link between individual based models and the corresponding population description is a common challenge in theoretical ecology. Swarming is a prominent example, where collective effects arising from interactions of individuals are essential for the understanding of large-scale spatial population dynamics, and where both levels of modelling have been often employed without ...

The authors discuss the differences of envi~onmeats whexe dialogue translation and textual translation systems might be used. The differences are summarized as clear definition of information and active participations of speakers and hearers in dialogue t~anslation. A new approach to MT, interpretation based approach, is proposed to take the advantages of dialogue translation environments. The ...

In this study, the directed (deductive) content analysis approach was adopted to explore the components of translator trainers’ competencies through in-depth individual semistructured interviews conducted with 10 expert Iranian translator trainers at different universities around Iran. Theoretical model was the translator trainer profile proposed by The European Master’s in Translation (EMT) Gr...

BACKGROUND The paradigm of translational medicine that underpins frameworks such as the Cooksey report on the funding of health research does not adequately reflect the complex reality of the public health environment. We therefore outline a translational framework for public health research. DISCUSSION Our framework redefines the objective of translation from that of institutionalising effec...

Reading comprehension has recently been reconceptualized in EFL reading instruction to foreground the importance of putting a social perspective on learning. Developed as a crucial aspect of Vygotskian sociocultural theory, activity theory views reading as a socially-mediated activity, for which the prerequisite cognitive processes are distributed among teacher, individual reader, other student...

Copyright collectives are groups of individual copyright holders who join together in order to save on the important transactions costs that exist in the market for their individual rights. However, transactions costs savings are not the only manner in which copyright holders can benefit from the collective administration of their copyrights. In particular, whenever there is uncertainty as to t...