Much of human behavior is directed toward goals: fi nding food, selling services, curing cancer, making meaning. Achieving goals requires action. Action requires effort. Effort requires energy and attention applied over time. Effort overcomes obstacles. Obstacles tax our patience, sap our resolve, and cause us stress. English (as well as many other languages) includes many metaphors that frame ...

This paper presents large-sample evidence that firms consider labor unemployment risk when setting their resource adjustment policies. Prior studies find that costs rise more in response to sales increases than they fall in response to sales decreases. Anderson, Banker, and Janakiraman (2003) term this phenomenon “cost stickiness” and attribute it to managers’ deliberate adjustment to committed...

We all know that smoking is bad for our health and that eating vegetables is good for it. Yet how bad and how good are they? Without a clear notion of threat and reward, it is that much harder to avoid a cigarette or to choke down a serving of broccoli. “I hate when someone tells me that something is risky,” says David Spiegelhalter, a professor of risk assessment at the University of Cambridge...

The objective of this study is to examine whether analysts fully incorporate a nonproportionate algorithm of cost-change relative to revenue-change in forecasting earnings. We conjecture that the errors in analysts’ earnings forecasts made in the first month after the fiscal year-end are largely due to the errors in estimating expenses as a result of analysts’ use of a proportionate cost-change...

Robots performing delivery tasks use cost-based planning in order to move from a starting point to a destination point. This can ensure obstacle-free and distance-optimal trajectories for individual robots. However, when many robots share the same space, their shortest routes may overlap, causing traffic. This is particularly relevant when managing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in the airspace...

One of the basic assumptions of management accounting illustrate that costschanges has a significance Relationship with increasing and decreasing in the levelof activity, recently after being raised of sticky costs issue by Anderson and hiscolleagues this assumption was discussed. It means Increases in costs by increasingthe more activity level of reduction in costs is exchange for the reductio...

This study explores whether financial analysts understand two aspects of cost behavior cost variability and cost stickiness. Since analysts’ understanding is not directly observable, we model the process of earnings prediction to generate empirically testable hypotheses regarding analysts’ comprehension of cost variability and cost stickiness. Empirical findings suggest that analysts make syste...

This paper reviews the evidence on external costs of risky behaviors in the U.S. and provides a framework for estimating them. External costs arise when a person does not bear all the costs of his or her behavior. They provide one of the strongest rationales for government interventions. Although the earlier estimates of external costs no longer have policy relevance, they demonstrated that the...

Although a healthcare system crippled by lack of resources cannot perform effectively, spending more money in an ineffective system may not lead to better outcomes. To ensure systemwide resource maximization, evidence-based medicine and guidelines that consider treatment cost-effectiveness and recommend treatment for persons with the most to gain are required. To demonstrate that increasing use...