one of the main problems in the quality control of rivers is the high control cost imposed upon pollutant units. the cooperative policy approach in the treatment process between two or more pollutant units is a new and economic perspective in the environmental management of catchment basins. origins of large amounts pollutants which require a high cost to control pollution are trying to start p...

This paper establishes a model to explore how all the countries in the world export to an importer. The trade frictions of an exporter include both a variable cost and a fixed cost, and the exporter’s bilateral trade relationship is represented by the exported value, the number of exporting firms, and the average price of exported products. The model relaxes the usual assumption that the price ...

An inventory model is formulated with type-2 fuzzy parameters under trade credit policy and solved by using Generalized Hukuhara derivative approach. Representing demand parameter of each expert's opinion is a membership function of type-1 and thus, this membership function again becomes fuzzy. The final opinion of all experts is expressed by a type-2 fuzzy variable. For this present problem, t...

of Thesis Individuals of the same country buy and sell from each other far more than they do with individuals of a different country. A cost is associated with exchanging goods and service across national boundaries. Economists have had diffi culty, however, in reconciling the small observable trade frictions with the very large trade reducing effect of borders. In the first chapter of this the...

It is now widely accepted that biochemical reaction networks can perform computations. Examples are kinetic proof reading, gene regulation, or signalling networks. For many of these systems it was found that their computational performance is limited by a trade-off between the metabolic cost, the speed and the accuracy of the computation. In order to gain insight into the origins of these trade...

When economists speak of a globalizing world, they have in mind first and foremost the dramatic moves we have made toward a global common market; that is, our evolution toward a world economy integrated across national boundaries. Our progress in this direction has been especially dramatic in the liberalization of international trade in goods. Since multilateral trade negotiations produced the ...