abstract financial and electronic debts are one of the important issues in iran's financial scope that are considered by economists due to their role in creating financial instabilities. therefore, a model was represented in this survey to evaluate and rank financial and electronic debts in iran including foreign debts, governmental debts, non-governmental debts and banking debts during th...

When consumers carry multiple debts, how do they decide which debt to repay first? Normatively, consumers should repay the debt with the highest interest rate most quickly. However, because people tend to break complicated tasks into more manageable parts, and because losses are most distressing when segregated, the authors hypothesize that people will pay off the smallest loan first to reduce ...

The debts’ clearing problem is about clearing all the debts in a group of n entities (persons, companies etc.) using a minimal number of money transaction operations. The problem is known to be NP-hard in the strong sense. As for many intractable problems, techniques from the field of artificial intelligence are useful in finding solutions close to optimum for large inputs. An evolutionary algo...

    Background: Sukuk is a type of financial instrument backed by balance sheet and physical assets. This applied and descriptive study aimed at providing solutions to the problems faced by insurance companies in the health sector.    Methods: In this study, we achieved operational models by reviewing the release nature and mechanism of any of the securities and combin...

Throughout history the world has been faced by high debts, with the recent global financial crisis intensifying the issue of increasing indebtedness (with respect to both public and external debts), especially in the light of sovereign debt crisis that some countries have been subject to recently. This paper explores the debt levels in Central, East and Southeast Europe and investigates their r...

The quality spread differential is defined to be the difference between the default premiums demanded for fixed rate and floating rate risky debts. The risky debt model based on Merton’s firm value approach is used to examine the behaviors of the quality spread differential of fixed rate and floating rate debts. We extend earlier result by adopting Geometric Brownian diffusion process with jump...